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VPS: Shipowners turn to ‘highly reactive’ Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) biofuel blends for marine fuel

Competition for FAME from aviation and road transportation sectors have resulted in some shipowners resorting to adopt more readily available CNSL blends as biofuel for vessels, explains Steve Bee.

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The drive towards decarbonisation has lately brought shipowners to adopt Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) as a biologically renewable resource for marine fuel, learned bunkering publication Manifold Times.

“One of the latest biofuels to come into the marine market is CNSL,” said Steve Bee, Group Commercial Director, VPS at the VPS Biofuels Seminar on Wednesday (15 February).

“CNSL is a bio component used instead of FAME and is a naturally occurring byproduct of the cashew nut industry. It’s a substituted phenol, a low-cost renewable substance, and chemically reactive.”

Competition for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), a traditional component of biodiesel, from the aviation and road transportation sectors have resulted in some shipowners resorting to adopt more readily available CNSL blends as biofuels for their vessels, explained Bee.

He highlighted properties of CNSL seemed to conform with the ISO 8217:2012 standard for marine distillate and marine residual fuels, but warned CNSL-blended fuels with MGO, VLSFO or HSFO have shown mixed reactions to vessel operations.

“Some CNSL-blends have been stored and burnt without issue, whereas others have given rise to operational problems including fuel sludging, injector failure, filter clogging, system deposits, corrosion of turbocharger nozzle rings, and damage to SCR units, amongst others,” he shared.

“The thing to remember is CNSL, though not corrosive to copper or steel, is a reactive phenolic compound which can polymerise forming gums while also creating fuel deposits.”

According to Bee, CNSL is used as an effective monomer in many industrial plastic applications such as resin manufacturing, adhesives, laminates, and surface coatings production due to its ability to polymerise when heated above 200°C.

“CNSL is a long chain substituted phenol, which as a monomer is highly reactive,” he highlighted.

“The thing to be aware of for CNSL is it exhibits very high acid values usually greater than 3mg KOH/g; and considering the ISO 8217 limit is 2.5mg KOH/g, pure CNSL is highly corrosive.

“In terms of its iodine value, these are also very high at greater than 300 g I2/100g so it’s highly reactive and less stable.

“Further, potassium levels within CNSL are typically high leading to potential post-combustion deposits and corrosion of turbocharger nozzle rings.”

Bee recommended shipowners to not use 100% CNSL as a marine fuel and advised stakeholders to initiate discussions with their OEMs on the material compatibility of CNSL-based biodiesel blended products.

“Though blending 100% CNSL will reduce its high acid number, reactivity and potassium levels while increasing energy content, the operation may increase sulphur, cold-flow and sediment potential issues instead,” he pointed out.

“CNSL blends can also significantly reduce hydrocarbon, CO/CO2 and smoke emissions, although they raise NOx emissions slightly.

“Absence of sulphur in CNSL will require marine engine lubrication oils with low TBN and high detergency in order to provide efficient engine lubrication and prevent scuffing.

“Don’t try and store this material for longer than three months. And if that is unavoidable, then tests every couple of months for acid number, iodine value, plus obviously ISO 8217 parameters will have to be done.”

Moving forward, Bee was keen to introduce an Additional Protection Service for biofuels based on VPS’ experience of having tested more than 1,000 biofuels as marine fuels.

“Biofuels will certainly reduce carbon dioxide emissions from ships and certainly help towards a reduction in pollution from the global fleet,” he stated.

“But they do come with their own individual considerations in terms of transfer, storage and use. Good fuel management and understanding of the pros and cons of biofuels should mitigate the risks of using this particular material.

“My final message is please use VPS’ experienced expertise to support you, in your use of biofuels, to protect your assets, to protect the crew, and protect the environment.”

Related: VPS organises seminar on biofuel bunkers in Singapore
Related: VPS launches APS-BIO offering biofuels protection service against potential damage

 

Photo credit: Manifold Times
Published: 17 February, 2023

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Alternative Fuels

Yang Ming orders six LNG dual-fuel, ammonia-ready containerships from Hanwha Ocean

Each of the six new vessels will have a capacity of up to 13,650 TEU and feature LNG dual-fuel propulsion and Ammonia Fuel Ready specifications.

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Yang Ming orders six LNG dual-fuel, ammonia-ready containerships from Hanwha Ocean

Taiwanese shipping firm Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation (Yang Ming) and South Korean shipbuilder Hanwha Ocean on Wednesday (2 September) signed a shipbuilding contract for six 13,000 TEU class LNG dual-fuel container vessels. 

The contract was signed by Dr. Chuck Tsai, Chairman of Yang Ming, and Mr. Charles Kim, CEO of Hanwha Ocean. The vessels are scheduled for delivery between 2028 and 2029. 

They will complement Yang Ming’s existing fleet of 10,000+ TEU vessels and serve as key vessels on East-West services, with deployment flexibility across trade lanes connecting Asia with the East and West Coasts of North America, South America, and the Mediterranean. 

Each of the six new vessels will have a capacity of up to 13,650 TEU and feature LNG dual-fuel propulsion and Ammonia Fuel Ready specifications.

“As Yang Ming transitions toward net-zero emissions, LNG provides a relatively mature and economically viable alternative fuel solution, capable of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 20%,” the company said. 

“At the same time, ammonia can serve as a carbon-free fuel by utilising converted LNG storage facilities, while offering relatively lower conversion costs and comparatively well-developed supply chains and infrastructure. The Ammonia Fuel Ready design will therefore provide Yang Ming with greater flexibility in responding to increasingly stringent international regulations on greenhouse gas emissions.”

In addition, the vessels will be equipped with Type B LNG fuel tanks with a design pressure of 1.0 bar to enhance the safety and efficiency of LNG operations, together with a range of energy-saving technologies, including Wind Shields, Rudder Bulbs, Pre-Swirl Stators, and Shore Power Systems. Smart ship technologies and cybersecurity protection features will also be incorporated to enhance operational efficiency, safety, and reliability while effectively reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

Deliveries under Yang Ming’s next-generation fleet optimization plan commenced earlier this year. By 2030, a total of 24 new vessels are expected to enter service. 

This includes 18 LNG dual-fuel vessels—comprising five 15,500 TEU, seven 16,000 TEU, and the six 13,000 TEU vessels under this contract—alongside six 8,000 TEU methanol dual-fuel-ready ships. 

 

Photo credit: Yang Ming Marine Transport
Published: 4 September, 2026

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LR, China’s MARIC unveil tanker concept ready for three future bunker fuels

Both secured AiP for a new 114,000 DWT product and crude oil tanker designed to accommodate future conversion to LNG, methanol or ammonia.

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LR, China’s MARIC unveil tanker concept ready for three future bunker fuels

Lloyd’s Register (LR) and the Marine Design and Research Institute of China (MARIC) on Thursday (3 September) have secured Approval in Principle (AiP) for a new 114,000 DWT product and crude oil tanker designed to accommodate future conversion to LNG, methanol or ammonia.

Announced at SMM 2026, the concept addresses one of the biggest investment challenges facing shipping today: the need to develop vessels and capabilities that can support a range of alternative fuel options and pathways as technologies, infrastructure and regulations evolve.

While LNG is already a mature fuel pathway, methanol and ammonia remain at an earlier stage of development, with questions around global fuel availability, infrastructure development, economics and long-term adoption.

The 114,000 DWT tanker concept has been designed as a product and crude oil carrier that can accommodate future conversion to LNG, methanol or ammonia as technologies, regulations and fuel supply chains mature. By incorporating conversion readiness at the design stage, the concept aims to reduce future retrofit complexity and provide owners with greater confidence when planning long-term fleet investments.

The design concept was reviewed against LR’s July 2026 class rules and regulations, including requirements relating to ships using gases and other low-flashpoint fuels, alongside relevant IACS Common Structural Rules for oil tankers. Final classification and statutory approval remain subject to full compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

Theo Kourmpelis, Global Business Director for Tankers, Lloyd’s Register, said: “Shipowners are being asked to make major investment decisions today despite continued uncertainty around which fuels will dominate in the decades ahead. Alternative fuel solutions each offer potential pathways to compliance, but fuel infrastructure, regulation and economics continue to evolve at different speeds around the world.

“Designs that preserve flexibility will be critical in helping owners manage risk while preparing for multiple future scenarios.”

Si Nan, Marine & Offshore Marketing Department Vice Director, MARIC, said: “As the industry explores different decarbonisation pathways, shipowners need vessel designs that can adapt alongside technological and regulatory developments. This concept was developed specifically to provide greater fuel flexibility and long-term resilience, allowing owners to respond to changing market requirements without being locked into a single fuel strategy.

“Receiving Approval in Principle from Lloyd’s Register is an important milestone that validates the design concept and supports its future development.”

 

Photo credit: Lloyd’s Register
Published: 4 September, 2026

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DNV: Alternative-fuelled vessel orders hit highest monthly level since October 2024

LNG-fuelled vessels accounted for the vast majority of August activity while the strong summer performance marked a significant acceleration in ordering activity after a relatively slow start to the year.

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DNV: Alternative-fuelled vessel orders hit highest monthly level since October 2024

Latest data from classification society DNV’s Alternative Fuels Insight (AFI) platform alternative-fuelled vessel ordering was strong in August, with 52 new vessels added to the platform.

This is the highest monthly total since October 2024 and follows another active month in July, when 47 vessels were added to the database.

LNG-fuelled vessels accounted for the vast majority of August activity, with 46 orders recorded. The container segment led the way with 30 orders, while the car carrier segment contributed a further 12 LNG-fuelled vessels. In addition, four ethanol-fuelled bulk carriers and two hydrogen-powered bulk carriers were added during the month, as well as one LNG bunker vessel.

The strong summer performance marked a significant acceleration in ordering activity after a relatively slow start to the year. In total, 242 alternative-fuelled vessel orders have been placed in the first eight months of 2026, representing a 27% increase compared with the same period in 2025.

LNG remains the dominant fuel choice, accounting for 63% of all alternative-fuelled vessel orders registered so far this year. Container vessels represent the largest share of these LNG orders (59%), followed by car carriers (30%).

Jason Stefanatos, Global Decarbonization Director at DNV Maritime, said: “The past two months have been particularly strong for alternative-fuelled vessel ordering, with August recording the highest monthly total we’ve seen since October 2024. This has helped lift year-to-date orders to a level well above the same period last year.

“LNG remains the leading fuel choice, driven largely by activity in the container and car carrier segments. These sectors have been among the earliest adopters of alternative fuels, supported by predictable liner operations and increasing demand from cargo owners to reduce emissions across supply chains. 

“For many owners, LNG offers a combination of emissions reductions, fuel availability and future flexibility while the longer-term fuel landscape continues to evolve. 

“At the same time, the latest figures include orders for ethanol- and hydrogen-fuelled vessels, highlighting that owners continue to explore a range of decarbonization pathways. Different segments are making different fuel choices, but the overall level of activity demonstrates continued investment in lower-emission shipping.”

Screenshot 2026 09 04 at 12.29.26 PM Screenshot 2026 09 04 at 12.29.36 PM

 

Photo credit: DNV
Published: 4 September, 2026

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